Security and reform procedures for peacebuilding

Fahil Jabbar
Post-conflict societies are experiencing very difficult situations, and for the purpose of peacebuilding these conditions must be addressed. Taking many actions, as the conflict has torn apart the States State institutions, service and governance systems, Post-conflict societies face significant disarmament challenges demining, restoration of law and order and basic services, return of refugees and displaced persons, Free and fair elections, infrastructure rehabilitation, as well as promotion of dialogue between different ethnic, national and religious groups and to fill the power vacuum, as well as the need for basic guarantees for leaders to participate in the political process, thereby representing all groups in different government institutions.

We will therefore divide this study into three demands for the purpose of clarifying these security and corrective measures, so that in the first requirement we will deal with disarmament, and in the second, we will manage the problem of mines, and in the third requirement we will devote to security sector reform (police forces).

Disarmament
Disarmament is "the collection, documentation, seizure and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons from combatants, often also from civilians. The disarmament process also includes the development of responsible weapons management programmes. " Demobilization is the official exemption for active combatants from the armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the demobilization of individual combatants in temporary centres to large numbers in groups in camps for this purpose (camps, camps, assembly areas or barracks). The second phase includes a support package for demobilized persons, called rehousing or reintegration. The national security forces, in partnership with international peacekeeping forces, are responsible for monitoring, documenting and disposing of the disarmament of the parties to the conflict in implementation of the ceasefire agreement, or in any event after the end of the conflict.

The objective of the disarmament process is to contribute to security and stability in post-conflict areas in order to embark on a new and peaceful life and create an environment conducive to the advancement of the political process s goal of maintaining international peace and security by preventing the armaments of any non-governmental actor, This reduces the incidence of armed conflicts, such as in States such as Burundi, Côte dIvoire, the Congo, Liberia and the Sudan.

Mr. Lakhdar Brahimis report of August 2000 stated the importance of all United Nations agencies, funds and programmes working and participating in United Nations peace operations working towards the same goal. Because disarmament, demobilization and reintegration is a multidimensional process and attracts the expertise of a number of actors to support theatre operations, an integrated approach is needed to ensure that these actors and processes operate in a coherent manner and in the same direction for one end. This in turn requires good and comprehensive principles, policies, structures and processes to guide and apply integrated processes.

As part of the formal peacebuilding process in States emerging from armed conflict, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of armed combatants from both the Governments armed forces and non-State armed groups and forces can help create an atmosphere of confidence and security necessary for the commencement of normalcy activities.

The stabilization of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration process is usually approved during the ceasefire, the end of armed operations or a comprehensive peace process. There is a legally binding political, practical and legal framework. Nevertheless, in many post-conflict situations, the conflicting parties that had agreed to a ceasefire or signed a peace agreement had no confidence in each other and had no capacity to design, plan or implement a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme. A third party, such as the United Nations, is requested to act as a mediator for the peace process agreement and to provide assistance for the planning and implementation of peacebuilding operations.

Disarmament and demobilization, followed by the long-term reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian life, all help to deal with post-conflict security problems by providing a substitute for ex-combatants for the livelihoods (livelihoods) and military support networks they may have relied on during the conflict period, which are no longer valid during the conflict phase. However, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes alone cannot resolve conflict or prevent violence but, in any event, they can help create a secure environment for the continuation of elements of the peacebuilding strategy, including arms management, security sector reforms, as well as electoral reform and the rule of law.

This vision of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme has several political and practical implications, including:
1. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration operations must deal fully with all aspects of disarmament and arms control and management. While the disarmament programme focuses on the immediate stability of a States cause through the disarmament process, long-term stability can only be achieved through responsible and carefully considered weapons management programmes.

2. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes must support the transformation of combatants into productive citizens. This process begins at the demobilization stage, during which the structure of the armed forces or groups is dismantled and the combatants formally attain civilian status.

3. The ultimate objective of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes is to prevent the return of violent conflict, that is, to render peace irrevocable and positive. To that end, disarmament programmes must promote confidence and confidence and deal with the roots of the conflict problem.

4. The disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme is a flexible process that must be adapted to each countrys (and territorys) own needs. Depending on the circumstances, it is not necessary to apply all aspects of the programme in some cases, and they may not be implemented in the same order in each process. Reintegration is the process in which ex-combatants obtain citizens status and permanent employment and income. Reintegration is necessarily a social and economic process with an open framework and time, occurring mainly in communities at the local level, part of the countrys overall development and is a national responsibility, usually necessarily requiring long-term external assistance.

There are five categories of people to be considered in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes:
1. Male fighters and female fighters.
2. Children associated with armed forces and groups.
3. Those who play roles are not combat (including women).
4. Ex-combatants with disabilities and chronic illnesses.
5. dependants/dependants.

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration is an initial step in a series of peacebuilding processes, with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration focusing on the immediate management of persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups. This step puts business on the ground to protect and sustain societies where these people can live as law-abiding citizens. and, in the long term, also build national capacity to build peace, security and development, International peacekeeping operations played an important role in the demilitarization of non-governmental actors working to disarm and prevent the armaments of militias in Darfur, as well as to confine arms to the State, This is a joint process with the African Union under Security Council resolution 1769 (2007).

In our view, the primary responsibility for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes lies with national players, and the role of the United Nations is to support the process as an impartial player, but assistance to the Government at this stage is required from NGOs, civil society and national parties.