Reconstruction of infrastructure, economic and peacebuilding

Fahil Jabbar
While studying the situations of societies torn apart by war and conflict, there are no successful models of reconstruction. And perhaps one of the reasons that can be diagnosed is to view reconstruction as a mere reconstruction rather than a state of complementarity between economic and social development goals, To redefine the relationship between society and national and local institutions, especially as society in crisis is torn apart by conflicts and problems that worsen in the event of continuing instability and threats to peoples personal security, Official Development Assistance is defined as grants and loans granted by States or donor organizations to developing countries and multilateral institutions in order to achieve the economic development and well-being of those countries, the grant component is required to be no less than 25% of assistance In addition to financial support, technical aid is part of official development assistance.

Any strategy for post-disaster reconstruction is based on four principles, which it considers as its determinants and guides. These principles are:
1. Preventive: not only do they plan to address the effects of conflict, but they plan to avoid conflicts as far as possible, through prior preventive action.
2. Comprehensive: addresses all the effects of conflict, at different levels and different elements in parallel, whether social, cultural, economic or political.
3. Integrated into development plans: This strategy is part of development and urban development plans, as disasters are something that is likely to happen anywhere, so it must be taken into account in the numbers of any future development plans.
4. Sustainability: This strategy achieves sustainability, is able to remanage and sustain life in its own right, and works to strengthen societies in the face of conflict.
5. Flexible: adjustable and quickly adaptable to developments and variables on the ground.

Reconstruction during this period includes the implementation and implementation of reconstruction projects (Housing construction and physical environmental rehabilitation), at which stage the follow-up and evaluation of all reconstruction projects is carried out; Drawing lessons and lessons learned, gathering information, modifying strategies and preparing new plans based on them; Thus, the age phase overlaps with the pre-disaster phase in the future. And this period takes a long time because it essentially means restoring normal life to circulation in the disaster zone, This phase includes short-term and long-term reconstruction s basic needs are assessed to determine the level and type of assistance needed by conflict-affected populations and to provide such humanitarian needs, which include peoples basic needs (The need for housing, the ingredients of life such as food and drink, the need for basic services water and electricity, educational services and schools. Damage and destruction are also assessed and all information is collected to find out the reality and modify reconstruction schemes based on this information. Experts in each area shall: (Areas of assessments and surveys, such as damage to homes and buildings, damage to livelihoods (factories, shops, small traders, industrial units), damage to the agricultural sector, both plant and animal (crops, fruit trees, services (education, health, leisure and public services), as well as damage to government buildings. In addition to damage to infrastructure (streets, water system, electricity grid, sewage system, communications network, bridges). Rehabilitation may be subjective to the population, or these programmes are led by government, municipal or informal institutions. These institutions organize, finance, manage and supervise businesses directly, and in some cases with international support.

Progress on specific peacebuilding priorities cannot be separated from capacity-building in its broader sense and at all levels. As a result of the war, government institutions and other national stakeholders have limited capacity to deliver services, implement reforms and ensure adequate economic and financial management, as in many cases State institutions remain weak or non-existent, but further progress is needed, particularly in the area of civil service reform. There was also a need to develop a comprehensive and sustainable civil service reform strategy to ensure employment opportunities based on eligibility, strong performance and accountability and to address pressing capacity gaps, including the low proportion of women in the civil service. There is also a need for a comprehensive review of ministries, departments and agencies capacities to identify and address short- and medium-term challenges and capacity gaps. It should be noted that the economic situation has an impact on stability and peace in any country, especially developing countries. Stability encourages increased investment and helps to channel the States resources into development and to establish service projects that raise the level of people economic problems, such as unemployment and economic inflation Therefore, developed countries enjoy political stability, while economic development in developing countries is at a declining pace. policy ", since those implementing these policies do not have the necessary efficiency, This is confirmed by the situation in many African countries. For example, the Comoros suffers from high indebtedness and imports more than half of its food needs. More than 90% of its needs in other fields, and its unemployment rate is 40% of the total graduates, Inflation has also reached 25%, the value of the national currency has deteriorated and there has been a near total collapse of the infrastructure. The illiteracy rate has risen to 85%. Moreover, these countries are widespread in bribery, nepotism, embezzlement and poverty, resulting in the breakdown of the States economic situation.

Peacebuilding is taking place at all levels in the Communitys home countries, at the national and international levels. For example, the distribution of economic wealth to all components of the State, the construction of factories and construction and the support of investments by the Government, and confidence-building as attempts to ensure cooperation and peace in national and international transactions. There are also initiatives within the country aimed at reducing gaps between rich and poor and building sustainable development processes.

For example, after the 2003 transformation, Iraq was under pressure from the international community to undertake a series of reforms, namely, Iraqs entry into a series of agreements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It began with the Agreement on Emergency Post-Crisis Assistance in 2004, which prepared the conditions for the Agreement on Support Arrangements SBA in 2005, followed by the second phase of entering into an agreement in support of Iraqs economic programme that ended in March 2009. Under the aforementioned conventions, Iraqs external debt decreased by 53%. The purpose of the agreements is to begin Iraq with a series of structural reforms, in which high inflation rates can be contained, and the value of the Iraqi dinar, which is one of its main features, is increased, while other important elements, namely high unemployment rates, are known. It can be said that these reforms were incomplete and did not take into account the interim circumstances and the need to combat unemployment and provide employment through labour-intensive enterprises, which in turn could lead to solutions to the security problem. This is in addition to the stringent monetary policies that have led to the Iraqi private sectors reluctance to borrow and start contributing to age projects.

The United States Senate, speaking in its own words, expressed concern about the costs of war and the subsequent reconstruction of Iraq, requesting its staff to examine whether Iraqi petroleum could be exploited to finance obligations such as food and medicine under the 1917 Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention establishing the obligations and rights of the occupying Power to use Iraqs property to finance and rebuild the country.

Therefore, peace can only be achieved by taking all these actions after the end of the conflict. and that the establishment of a lasting peace so that conflict does not arise again requires addressing the causes of such conflicts, This will be done only by taking these steps and actions and showing us how war-torn States, as well as international agencies and organizations, are striving to take these actions in order to bring peace, نتيجة‌ the effectiveness and necessity of these actions. Failure to take them will not lead to security and thus not peace within society.